Summary

• Two-level atom
• Lasers
• Radiometry

• Absorption spectroscopy
• Beer's law
• oscillator strength



• Light sources
• filament lamps
• glow discharges
• arc lamps
• candle flame
• the sun
• synchrotron radiation
• lasers
• light emitting diodes


• Light detectors
• the eye
• photographic film
• bolometers/thermistors
• photocathodes
• photomultipliers
• photodiodes/phototransistors
• photodiode arrays
• charge-coupled devices